#include <cstdint>
#include <set>
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
using i64 = long long;
class bitvector {
using bit_type = std::uint_least64_t;
using size_type = std::size_t;
static constexpr size_type wordsize = 64;
std::vector<bit_type> bit;
std::vector<size_type> sum;
public:
bitvector() : bit(), sum() {}
bitvector(const size_type size)
: bit(size / wordsize + 1, 0), sum(size / wordsize + 1, 0) {}
void set(const size_type i) {
bit[i / wordsize] |= static_cast<bit_type>(1) << (i % wordsize);
}
void build() {
for (size_type i = 1; i < bit.size(); i++) {
sum[i] = sum[i - 1] + __builtin_popcountll(bit[i - 1]);
}
}
size_type at(const size_type i) const {
return bit[i / wordsize] >> (i % wordsize);
}
// count of ones in [0, i)
size_type rank(const size_type i) const {
return sum[i / wordsize]
+ __builtin_popcountll(bit[i / wordsize] & (static_cast<bit_type>(1) << (i % wordsize)) - 1);
}
// count of ones in [0, i)
size_type rank(const size_type i, const size_type b) const {
size_type ans = sum[i / wordsize]
+ __builtin_popcountll(bit[i / wordsize] & (static_cast<bit_type>(1) << (i % wordsize)) - 1);
if(b) return ans;
else return i - ans;
}
};
class wavelet_matrix {
using Integer = i64;
using integer_type = Integer;
using size_type = std::size_t;
const size_type depth;
const size_type len;
std::vector<bitvector> mat;
std::vector<size_type> spl;
public:
wavelet_matrix(const std::vector<integer_type>& arr, size_type de)
: depth(de),
len(arr.size()),
mat(std::vector<bitvector>(depth, bitvector(arr.size()))),
spl(std::vector<size_type>(depth, 0)) {
std::vector<size_type> idx(len);
std::vector<size_type> left(len), right(len);
for(size_type i = 0;i < len;i++) idx[i] = i;
for(size_type d = depth; d-- > 0;) {
size_type l = 0, r = 0;
for(size_type i = 0; i < len; i++) {
size_type k = (arr[idx[i]] >> d) & 1;
if(k) right[r++] = idx[i], mat[d].set(i);
else left[l++] = idx[i];
}
mat[d].build();
spl[d] = l;
swap(idx, left);
for(size_type i = 0; i < r; i++) idx[i + l] = right[i];
}
}
integer_type at(size_type i) const {
integer_type x = static_cast<integer_type>(0);
for(size_type d = depth; d-- > 0;) {
size_type k = mat[d].at(i);
x |= (static_cast<integer_type>(k) << d);
i = mat[d].rank(i, k) + spl[d] * k;
}
return x;
}
// counting elements that equal to x in range [left, right)
size_type rank_x(size_type left, size_type right, integer_type x) const {
for(size_type d = depth; d-- > 0;) {
size_type k = ((x >> d) & 1);
left = mat[d].rank(left, k) + spl[d] * k;
right = mat[d].rank(right, k) + spl[d] * k;
}
return right - left;
}
// sorted(arr[left..right])[i]
integer_type quantile(size_type left, size_type right, size_type i) const {
integer_type x = static_cast<integer_type>(0);
for(size_type d = depth; d-- > 0;) {
size_type cnt = mat[d].rank(right, 0) - mat[d].rank(left, 0);
size_type k = (i < cnt) ? 0 : 1;
if(k == 1) {
i -= cnt;
x |= (1 << d);
}
left = mat[d].rank(left, k) + spl[d] * k;
right = mat[d].rank(right, k) + spl[d] * k;
}
return x;
}
struct rank_result {
size_type le;
size_type eq;
size_type mo;
};
// couting elements that less than x, equal to x, and more than x in range [left, right)
rank_result rank_less_eq_more(size_type left, size_type right, integer_type x) const {
size_type le = 0, mo = 0;
for(size_type d = depth; d --> 0;) {
size_type k = (x >> d) & 1;
size_type l = mat[d].rank(left, 1);
size_type r = mat[d].rank(right, 1);
if(k == 0) {
mo += r - l;
left -= l;
right -= r;
}
else {
le += (right - left) - (r - l);
left = l + spl[d];
right = r + spl[d];
}
}
return rank_result { le, right - left, mo };
}
size_type rangefreq(size_type left, size_type right, integer_type x, integer_type y, integer_type l, size_type d) const {
integer_type r = l + (1 << d);
if(x <= l && r <= y) {
return right - left;
}
else if(y <= l || r <= x) {
return 0;
}
else {
d--;
size_type lr = mat[d].rank(left, 1);
size_type rr = mat[d].rank(right, 1);
return
rangefreq(left - lr, right - rr, x, y, l, d) +
rangefreq(lr + spl[d], rr + spl[d], x, y, l + (1 << d), d);
}
}
size_type rangefreq(size_type left, size_type right, integer_type x, integer_type y) const {
return rangefreq(left, right, x, y, 0, depth);
}
};